Interaction Situation
Robot and user are engaged in interaction. An upcoming (joint) activity is determined and the robot expresses that it is looking forward to this activity. This expression is not so much related to an actual positive anticipation of the activity by the robot (that – as a machine – is not capable of experiencing emotions). Rather, it can be employed as a stylistic device to motivate the user for the upcoming activity, considering that the joyful anticipation of the robot can be contagious and lead to a positive atmosphere for the activity.
Solution
Let the robot express that:
Joyful anticipation can be expressed through a playful, positive sound or a colorful light signal. Sounds with a rich balance of upper harmonics are suitable to express joy. Ascending series of tones are also associated with positivity. Positive anticipation can be expressed through a high, variable pitch and dynamics sounds are perceived as excited.
For the light signal, use warm bright colors such as a reddish yellow or green. Alternatively a mix of different colors can be used. Anticipation can be indicated with a rather fast rotation movement of the light and a rising frequency of the light signal.
The pattern can be combined with Happy to put further emphasis on positive emotions.
Related patterns:
Needed by: Getting ready to play
Extends: Happy
Examples
Rationale
Research has shown that joy can be expressed through high pitches sounds with a rich balance of upper harmonics are suitable. Ascending series of tones are associated with positivity.
It has also been shown that bright, warm colors are associated with positive emotions while darker colors are associated with negative emotions. In addition, displaying light in a circular motion was demonstrated to be effective in communicating joy.
References and further reading:
- Blog: Designing Sounds for Robots: https://www.asoundeffect.com/robot-sound-design/
- Löffler, D., Schmidt, N., & Tscharn, R. (2018, February). Multimodal expression of artificial emotion in social robots using color, motion and sound. In Proceedings of the 2018 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction(pp. 334–343). https://doi.org/10.1145/3171221.3171261
- Valdez, P., & Mehrabian, A. (1994). Effects of color on emotions. Journal of experimental psychology: General, 123(4), 394. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.123.4.394
- Johnson, D. O., Cuijpers, R. H., & van der Pol, D. (2013). Imitating human emotions with artificial facial expressions. International Journal of Social Robotics, 5(4), 503–513. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-013-0211-1